水蒲桃的繁殖方法

植物图片 2022-08-17 12:00

  水蒲桃性喜暖热气候，属于热带树种。喜温暖湿润、阳光充足的环境和肥沃疏松的砂质土壤，喜生于水边。

  扦插繁殖

  1、整理插床：在苗圃地内起成畦长8～10米，畦宽1.2米，畦沟深0.4米的插床，然后在插床内铺厚10厘米左右的粗沙作排水层，再将1/3的腐殖质土和2/3的细沙均匀填入插床内，厚15～20厘米。这样的插床透水和通气性能好，特别是腐殖质土含水量比细沙大，又有肥力，有利于扦插生根和生长。扦插前应用1.0%的高锰酸液对插苗床进行消毒。

  2、剪取插穗：插穗宜在树势健壮、品种优良、无病虫的植株选取。一般选枝条发育饱满的1年生枝条，也可用2～3年生的老枝。但发育不充实的徒长枝和难以生根的过老枝不宜采用。插穗剪成15～20厘米长，插穗上端截成直面，下端用利刀削成半月形，直剪口不利生根。插穗要去半叶或去全叶保留叶柄。

  3、插穗处理：插穗削好后立即用50微升/升萘乙酸溶液浸泡插穗下端，6～8小时后即可扦插，或用浓度为50微升/升的生根粉浸泡0.5～1小时，或用500微升/升吲哚丁酸浸泡10秒钟，均能较好地促进生根。

  4、扦插管理：扦插后应视具体情况及时喷水，使土壤含水量保持在饱和水量的40%～50%，温度过高时要揭膜喷水，降温保湿。插后1～2个月即可生根、发芽、展叶，此时要注意加强病虫害防治。插后2～3个月后要及时以0.3%尿素加0.2%磷酸二氢钾进行根外追肥，2个月后以稀薄的粪水追施1次。在插穗抽发的梢长30厘米以上、粗0.8厘米以上，并充分老熟后方可出圃。

  嫁接繁殖

  1、接穗采取：蒲桃嫁接可全年进行，但以4～11月较适宜，雨天嫁接成活率较低。在丰产、稳产、果大质优、品质纯正的母本树上，剪取生长充实、已木质化的1年生枝作接穗。接穗采后去叶，保湿备接。

  2、嫁接方法：蒲桃嫁接以切接法最为常用，具体为削好接穗，做到削面一长一短，削面平滑，然后切砧木，即在离地面20～30厘米处剪除砧木，选砧皮厚、光滑、纹理顺的地方作砧木切面，略削少许。再在皮层内稍带本质部直切下2厘米左右，使切口的长与宽和接穗的长与宽相对应，而后将削好的接穗插入砧木切口，使接穗与砧木的形成层对准靠紧，然后用韧而薄的塑料带自下而上包扎紧。

  3、接后管理：嫁接后要勤浇水，避免动接口。经3～4周成活的即可发芽，此时注意挑芽，以便接芽抽出和生长。随时摘除砧木上所发的芽，追施稀薄粪水和防治病虫。接穗长出的第二次梢老熟后，嫁接口以上高50厘米、嫁接口以2厘米处粗1厘米时便可出圃。

  播种繁殖

  1、采集种子：种子应来自丰产籽多的蒲桃优良母株，待果实充分成熟后采下，破除果肉取出种子。种子取出后洗净，浮去不实粒，晾干，以塑料袋密封贮藏。

  2、苗床准备：在苗圃内先按计划深翻、耙碎，起成宽1.2米的畦，0.5米宽的畦沟，施用腐熟的有机精肥如猪、牛粪添加细砂、火烧土混匀，再以1.0%高锰酸钾溶液消毒。

  3、播种时期：在冬季气温较高地区，蒲桃种子最好是贮后1～2个月再播。因为其种子有后熟作用，鲜播发芽率低。在海南岛、雷州半岛、珠江三角洲，一般可在8～9月播种，再推迟播种易遭遇寒害而死苗。华南北部地区则可贮至翌年春3月中旬至4月播种为适期。

  4、播种方法：经贮藏1～2个月的种子，插种前先行浸种。由于其发芽率偏低，用0.1毫升/升的赤霉素能促进种子的萌发，浸泡时间以6～8小时即可。浸好后的种子均匀撒播在床面上，再以河沙或火烧土覆盖，稍压实后盖草，充分淋水，并搭盖遮阳网。由于8～9月气温仍高，苗床不能以农田薄膜保湿，而以稻草覆盖保湿。

  5、播后管理：播后约1周，种子开始发芽，此时应开始揭草，以免小苗压弯变细，在寒流来临前要在拱棚上盖膜防寒。

  6、适时移栽：幼苗在5～6厘米高时即可移苗，但一般放在第二年开春后再移苗，此时成活率也高。苗可按大、中、小分级移植到嫁接畦上或装到营养袋中培育。嫁接畦移植行距为25厘米，株距为20厘米。移苗时要注意选阴天进行，移栽后马上淋水，成活后1个月左右应追施稀薄水肥。
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