龙葵的介绍

植物图片 2022-07-02 14:35

  龙葵（学名：SolanumnigrumL.）：一年生草本植物，全草高30-120厘米；全中国均有分布，喜生于田边，荒地及村庄附近，广泛分布于亚、欧、美洲的温带及热带地区。

  形态特征

  多年生草本。株高50～120厘米。直根系，主根发达，常木质化。茎直立，多分枝，有时呈半匍匐状，常有棱或小刺，绿色或淡紫色，基部常木质化。叶互生，有短柄，柄长3～7厘米；叶片卵形，全缘，波状缘中具疏齿；叶片长7～13厘米，宽4～7厘米，基部钝尖，先端渐尖。蝎尾状花序，腋外生，具2～12花，花冠白色或谈紫色；花药黄色，单朵花期1～2天。浆果球形，成熟时黑紫色、黄绿色或朱红色。单果直径0.75～1.07厘米，单果重0.29～0.54克，每果内含种子22～79粒，挂果后30～40天成熟。种子卵状三角形，淡黄色或黄色。花果期9～10月。

  生长习性

  生长适宜温度为22-30℃，开花结实期适温为15-20℃，此温度下结实率高。对土壤要求不严，在有机质丰富，保水保肥力强的壤土上生长良好，缺乏有机质，通气不良的粘质土上，根系发育不良，植株长势弱，商品性差，适宜的土壤pH值为5.5-6.5。

  栽培技术

  精细整地

  培育壮苗；选择肥沃，疏松，易排灌，前茬未种过茄果类蔬菜的地块作苗床，深耕细耙，作成宽1米，高15厘米的育苗畦。播种前先把苗床浇透水，将种子掺细沙拌均匀，进行撒播，适当稀播以利于培育壮苗，播种后覆土0.5厘米，然后在畦面上覆盖稻草或麦杆，以保持土壤湿润利于出苗，浇透水，5-7天出苗后揭去稻草或麦杆。冬春季要在小拱棚内育苗，夏秋季可在小拱棚上覆盖遮阳网育苗。当幼苗3-4片真叶时进行间苗，间去生长势较弱的小苗，同时及时除草。

  合理密植

  产量定植前15天，保护地内667m2施入优质有机肥3000千克，以延长植株的生育期。当幼苗5-6片叶时进行移栽，穴距25-30厘米，行距30-35厘米，每穴2苗，667m2栽8000-10000株，定植后浇定根水，确保幼苗成活。

  适时封顶

  增加产量当植株长到8-10节时，可把顶摘去，促进侧芽生长，当侧芽长到20厘米时，可把侧芽沿15厘米处采收，留下5厘米约2-3个节间；由于腋芽萌发力强，此时适时追肥，这2-3个节间又可继续萌发新枝梢。主枝的适时封顶是延长采收期和提高产量的关键，如封顶节位高，留下腋芽多，形成侧枝多，但由于养分分散，侧枝细小，降低产量和质量；如封顶节位低，不但影响主枝的产量，而且由于基部腋芽较弱，生长慢，延迟侧枝的形成，又由于侧枝少，总产量会降低。

  合理追肥

  为使采收植株的嫩梢鲜嫩，商品性好，使植株的腋芽不断萌发形成商品嫩梢，每采收一次后，都要进行追肥，每次每667m2施尿素10千克；高效复合肥15千克，加水浇施。植株生长进入中期后，每隔7-10天叶面喷一次奥普尔600倍液，或0.2%-0.3%磷酸二氢钾溶液，促进植株的生长发育，增加植株的抗病能力，而且使嫩梢颜色嫩绿，脆嫩感强，品质好。

  病虫害防治

  龙葵的抗病能力强，在果实成熟之前很少发病。有的会发生白叶病和病毒病，白叶病一般在高温高湿的情况下会发生，发病初期可以用50%的甲基托布津800倍液进行喷雾防治。病毒病是茄科植物常见的病害，在高温干燥的情况下会发生，主要由蚜虫传播，因此干旱时要及时浇水，出现蚜虫、菜青虫等害虫时要及时喷杀虫王等农药防治，采收15天之前用停止用药，保证果实品质与安全。

  采收方式

  每次采收嫩梢后，都留下嫩梢最下部5厘米的节间，使这5厘米上的2-3个腋芽，生长后形成新的嫩梢又可采收上市。采收一次追肥一次可以连续不断采摘嫩梢上市，采收盛期冬春季可有3个多月，夏秋季有2个多月，直至开花为止。

  采收野生种，在山沟路旁，田间地头，生荒地等地方都可收集到野生的成熟果实；野生种采种后经晾干、筛净后放置于阴凉处贮藏备用。采用野生种做种，植株生长势好，抗病性强，长成的嫩梢吃起来苦味较浓。

  药用价值

  龙葵苗味苦、微甘，性滑、寒，无毒。能解除疲旁，减少睡眠，祛虚热，消浮肿；治风证，补益男子元气，妇人败血；消热散血，压丹石毒，适宜食用。茎、叶、根捣烂加土和好，外敷疔肿、火丹疮，效果好。根与木通、胡荽煎汤内服，能通利小便。治疗发背痈疽成疮，用龙葵一两研为末，加麝香一分，研匀外涂。治疗火焰丹肿，取龙葵草加醋研为细末外敷。治疗诸疮恶肿：取龙葵草捣烂，用酒送服。另以药渣敷患处。
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