菊花种植技术：家庭怎么培植菊花

植物图片 2020-03-17 10:25

家庭盆栽菊花

菊花为我国传统的观赏名花。是秋天花卉的代表种类。菊花按栽培方式可分为：1株1花的独本菊（标本菊）；1株几朵花的盆菊（多头菊）；1株有数百朵至千朵的大立菊；还有用小菊整枝成为悬垂状的悬崖菊和嫁接在青蒿上的塔菊。近年来，还培育出了适应性极强的地被菊。在家庭庭院里养菊花，为了省工和受环境狭小的限锻，以培植盆菊为宜。盆菊开花3~5朵至8~9朵，株矮、叶茂、花大，甚适在室内和庭院电陈设观赏。

多头菊花

菊花为多年生宿根草本植物，但大多数好品种培育花蕾的技术较复杂,通常入难以掌握，所以在家庭中大都开过花之后就丢弃了。其实它是可以连年开花的。现将其繁殖栽培的方式分述如下：

一、留种：菊花开谢后，地上部分枯萎，宿根到明年春天能萌发大量新梢，可作插穗进行繁殖。通常品种可以露地越冬，但一些优良品种耐寒性弱，应在室内越冬。留种越冬有两种方法：一是留根；二是存芽。留根越冬的可剪去地面枝叶，把土面清理后浇一次透水，摆在有阳光的冷室中以0℃左右为宜。存芽越冬的将茎干离土面10厘米处剪断，地栽的将残株覆土，盆栽的将盆或脱盆埋土，使残干露出3―4厘米以通气。越冬气温不能高于5℃，气温过高，往往长出许多细长纤弱的黄芽，既无利用价值，又影响母株的冬眠。越冬期间，要做好排水、防寒、浇水等工作。到翌春3月，剪去老秆并做好松土、除草、施肥，以促新芽生长，准备扦插。

二、扦插：扦插时间因栽培目的不同而有区别。普通栽培，即留花4—7朵的通常在春夏天扦插。江南地域以5月下旬至6月上旬为好，此时正值霉雨季节，扦插生根快，须根又多。据试验，4月份扦插的，40天后生根，5月份扦插的，28天后生根，6月份扦插的，15天即可生根。培养独本菊的通常在秋冬天扦插；培养大立菊和悬崖菊的大多在秋天扦插。扦插方法：选宿根萌发的健壮新枝，横截面要实心鲜绿的，剪7―10厘米长的顶枝，具3―4个节间，剪口在节下0.3厘米处，去掉基部的两片叶，上面叶子也可剪去部分。插壤用4份粗砂、3份砻糠灰、3份园土混合。插入深度为全长的1/3，先用竹签打洞，插后压紧，浇透水，置扦插盆于阴处，初插3天浇水要足，以后保持湿润良口可。生根后可移至阳光处，长到5―7片叶时，便可上盆。

三、上盆定植：盆土可用腐叶土4份、园土4份、河砂2份混合，择阴天或多云天上盆，忌雨天定植。家庭培养菊花为了省工，上盆后不再换盆。用直径20厘米的瓦盆，施足含磷多的基肥，只填土至花盆2/3的深度，待立秋后再填肥土至距盆口4厘米处，以利浇水。上盆后要浇透水，置阴处3―5天后，再见阳光。

四、水肥管理：盆菊在整个生长季节中，应节制浇水，并给予充分阳光，促成矮壮叶茂株型。通常每天浇水1次，阴天不浇或少浇，孕蕾待放时，可稍多浇，大雨时要避雨。天气过分干燥时，傍晚可补水，稍湿表土为度，但通常只需喷叶水与环境洒水，切忌浇透水，以防徒长，脱落脚叶。浇水时要防泥溅沾污叶子。菊花虽喜肥，由于基肥充分，可于8月立秋后才开始追肥。每10天1次，以后逐渐加大浓度，9月份可每5天施1次含磷为主的浓肥，促进花蕾迅速膨大。还可用1010磷酸二氢钾，行根外追肥2~3次，待花透色前停肥。施肥宜在晴天傍晚，施肥前要松土除草，施后翌晨要浇清水。施肥沾污了叶子，要及时洗净。家庭不宜施有机肥料水，因盆土中含腐叶土多，也可用化肥追施。

五、摘心除芽：当幼苗长到15厘米时，留基部3―4片叶摘心，摘去先端，促发3―4个分枝定型，以后整株可开花3―4朵。如欲多开花，可于第1次摘心后25天左右，将分枝留2片叶，进行第2次摘心，促发6~8个分枝，以后整株可开花6―8朵。分枝定型后，叶腋中出现的芽苞要及时剥除，免再分枝，集中养分促壮顶芽。

漂亮的菊花

六、疏蕾：10月出现花蕾，植株下端花蕾及时摘去，待各枝顶花蕾长到黄豆大时，每枝留1个花蕾，最好是相同大小的，其他分次摘除。这样可以同时开花，花的大小相等，便于观赏。

七、设支柱：在花蕾基本长成后，用细竹竿或芦秆支撑枝条，使枝条分布均匀、高矮一致不倒伏。支柱高度比菊株高3厘米左右，因菊株还在继续生长。立支柱宜在下午，枝叶稍萎蔫时进行，否则易折断枝条。

八、控制高度：菊株的分枝有生长不整齐现象，可用刀片将长得高的分枝，视其生长势划2―3条线痕，长约2厘米左右，以破坏维管束中的导管组织，减少养分水分的输送，使长势高的分枝减弱生长势，以达到高度基本相等。

7―8月间，偶见茎顶出现似花芽而非花芽的不正常梢头，俗称“柳叶头”，是一种病毒为害所致，应立刻将植株淘汰。清晨，带露水的叶子特别脆嫩，一触即落，脱了脚叶的菊花很难看，所以，操作时要细心。

专题： 菊花 家庭 培植菊花
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