当归种植方法：主产于我国西北和西南地区，以甘肃岷县的产量

植物图片 2019-03-27 16:44

当归为中医妇科常用中药，主产于我国西北和西南地域。依据产地的不同当归有西归（甘肃）、秦归（陕西）、云归（云南）和川归（四川）之分。其中以甘肃岷县的产量最大、质量最好，栽培历史最为悠久。下面我们一起来看看当归是如何种植的。

当归的种植方法

当归的种植方法

当归在海拔1500~3000米的高山，空气湿度较大的自然环境下生长良好。土壤以微酸性至中性、土壤层深厚、疏松肥沃、排水良好的砂质壤土或腐殖质壤土为好。忌连作。

1、选地整地

选半阴半阳坡。以土壤层深厚、肥沃疏松、排水良好、腐殖质含量多的砂壤土为宜。

深翻土地20—25厘米，施用复合肥30--60公斤，耙细整平，通常按1米开沟作畦，畦沟宽30厘米，畦高约25厘米，四周开好排水沟以利排水。前茬以小麦、大麻、亚麻、油菜等为好，不宜采用马铃薯和豆类地块。

2、播种育苗

育苗地于6月上旬至下旬播种，播前将种子放入30 ℃的温水中浸种24小时，取出晒干后用撒播法，将种子盖严，再盖以杂草。亩播种量4~5千克。播后半个月左右出苗，此时将盖草挑松，以防揭草时伤苗。8月初揭去盖草。有草就除，保持田间无杂草，结合除草间苗，去弱留强，株距1厘米左右为宜。

3、移栽定植

（1）种苗选择通常采用直径2—5毫米，生长均匀健壮、无病无伤、分叉少、表皮光滑的幼苗备用(苗龄90—110天，百根鲜重40—70g)，直径2毫米以下过细和6毫米以上的大苗尽量慎用。

（2）种苗处理种苗栽种前用40％甲基异柳磷和40％多菌灵各250g兑水10—15公斤配成药液，将种苗用药剂浸蘸，通常10小时左右后再移植田间，可预防病虫害和当归麻口病。

（3）适时移栽当归栽植分冬栽和春栽两种。冬栽在立秋后至封冻前进行，春栽在春分至谷雨以清明前后为宜。

4、田间管理

气温

当归对气温要求比较严格，适合高寒冷凉的气候条件。当时种子在适合水分条件下，出苗时间随气温升高而缩短，平均气温在12—14℃时，15—20天出苗；平均气温在20—24℃时，7—15天出苗；平均气温在14℃以上时，地上和地下部分迅速生长，8月份平均气温16℃以上时，生长速度变慢，9月份以后当气温降到13℃以下时，以上部分开始老化，而根部加快生长，这时是药材生长的主要时期。

水分

当归的抗旱性和抗涝性都很差，这表明对水分条件的要求比较严格，土壤含水量在25{bf}左右最适合当归生长。因此，充沛的降雨是获得当归高产的条件之一。当土壤含水量超过40{bf}时，会发生涝灾，当归易生根腐病，当土壤含水量低于13{bf}时，就会出现干旱危害，需补灌水分。因此及时灌溉和排水是获得当时高产的主要手段之一。

施肥

追肥幼苗期不可施用过多的氮肥，以免生长过旺造成早抽薹。生长中、后期可适度增施人畜粪水、火土灰或堆肥等每亩2000公斤。有条件时，可将饼肥、过磷酸钙与厩肥堆沤之后，于行间开沟施入，施后覆土盖肥、培土，以利根部生长。

5、病虫害及其防治

（1）根腐病根腐病是一种半知真菌，主要危害当归根部。防治方法一是在栽植前用70{bf}的五氯硝基苯1公斤 对土壤进行消毒；二是采用无病健壮种栽栽植，栽前用65{bf}的代森锌600倍溶液浸泡种栽10分钟，并尽量与禾本科作物轮作种植，雨后及时排水；三是发现病株及时拔除，并用石灰对病穴消毒；四是用50{bf}的多菌灵1000倍液浇灌发病区。

（2）褐斑病褐斑病也是一种半知真菌，高温高湿时易发病。在当归上主要危害植株叶子，通常5月发生，7—8月严重。发病初期可用65{bf}的代森锌600倍溶液或1：1：120波尔多液喷洒或浇灌病区防治。

6、采收加工

育苗移栽的当归宜在当地的10月下旬植株枯黄时采挖，秋天直播的宜在第2年枯黄时采挖。采挖前三天，先割去地上茎叶，留3厘米左右的短茬，促进根部成熟，逐行逐株挖收，避免挖断根或漏挖。

当归的产地初加工是当归药材生产的重要工序，按照传统，鲜当归经过精心晾晒、挑选分级、整形、扎把、熏制、修整，才能成为质量优良、外型漂亮的商品药材。将归根晾晒，使其变软，水分稍干后，除去残留茎叶，按根条大小捆成小把，放入熏棚，用豆秆等熏烘，使其上色，至当归表皮呈微黄色再用文火慢慢熏干。干后，搓去泥砂毛须，修去过细根即成。

专题： 当归
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