啤酒花是什么？又叫酵母花、酒花，可用于酿造啤酒和药用

植物图片 2019-11-06 09:54

啤酒花，别名：忽布、蛇麻花、酵母花、酒花，是大麻科、葎草属一种多年生草本蔓性植物，源产地欧洲、美洲和亚洲。可用于酿造啤酒和药用。下面就为大家介绍一些啤酒花的相关知识。

啤酒花

 

形态特征

多年生攀援草本，长可达10米，茎、枝和叶柄密生绒毛和倒刺。叶卵形或宽卵形，3-5裂或不裂，长约4-11厘米，宽4-8厘米，基部心形或近圆形，边缘具粗锯齿，表面密生小刺毛，背面疏生小毛和黄色腺点；叶柄长不超过叶子。雄花排列为圆锥花序，花被片与雄蕊均为5；雌花每2朵生于一苞片腋间，苞片呈覆瓦状排列成一近球形的穗状花序。果穗球果状，直径3-4厘米。宿存苞片干膜质，果实增大，长约1厘米，无毛，具油点。瘦果扁平，每苞腋1-2个，内藏。花期7-8月，果期9-10月。

啤酒花形态特征

产地及分布

啤酒花源产地欧洲、美洲和亚洲。中国新疆维吾尔自治区北部有野生分布。还有一个蛇麻变种为啤酒花的近缘种称"华忽布"，野生于秦岭一带，是啤酒花的代用品。

欧洲栽培最早，远在公元736年就有关于啤酒花的记述。但作为啤酒工业原料始于德国。中国先后从前苏联和日本引入，于20世纪20年代初在黑龙江省尚志县种植。现已遍及西北、华北、东北和华东各地栽培。

世界上有20多个国家有商品性的啤酒花生产。主产美国、德国、前苏联、捷克斯洛伐克、英国、南斯拉夫等国家，约占世界总产量的80{bf}。质量以德国和捷克斯洛伐克最负盛名。中国主产新疆、甘肃、宁夏、黑龙江、山东等地。

啤酒花产地及分布

主要价值

【主要成分】

含树脂，其中有葎草酮、异葎草酮、蛇麻酮等；含挥发油，其中有香叶烯、葎草烯、芳樟醇、蛇麻醇等。此外，尚有鞣质、黄酮化合物、胆碱、果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖等。

【功效主治】

治疗麻风病、治疗肺结核、治疗矽肺、治疗淋巴结结核、治疗痢疾。健胃消食，利尿安神。治消化不良，腹胀，浮肿，膀胱炎，肺结核，失眠

【药用价值】

1、抗菌作用

啤酒花浸膏、蛇麻酮、葎草酮试管内能抑制革兰氏阳性细菌的生长，如炭疽芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、白喉杆菌、肺炎双球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等；对革兰氏阴性细菌无抑制作用，对结核菌亦能抑制，对致病性及非致病性真菌及放线状菌抑制效力极弱，或无效。蛇麻酮无论对革兰氏阳性细菌或结核菌的抑制效力均较葎草酮强。

2、镇静作用

国外民间将蛇麻用于癔病、不安、失眠，蛇麻提取液对中枢神经系统小量镇静、中量催眠、大量麻痹，蛇麻酮、葎草酮具镇静作用。亦有称此项作用系由于所含异缬草酸(Isovaleric acid)所致。

3、雌性激素样作用

采集蛇麻花的妇女大多于接触蛇麻花2-3日后即月经来潮，并能解除痛经，树脂中的β-酸具有较强的雌性激素样作用，每克为1500O单位(以子宫称重法测定，每单位相当于求偶素0.1μg)，α-酸部分无作用。

4、其他作用

酿造啤酒时加入蛇麻花不仅由于其挥发油具有香味，而且有防腐作用。蛇麻花的乙醇提取液，对离体兔空肠、豚鼠十二指肠、大鼠子宫平滑肌有强大的解痉作用，并能拮抗乙酰胆碱、氯化钡的致痉作用，其解痉作用系直接松弛平滑肌。蛇麻浸剂及挥发油对犬(静脉注射)有较轻及短暂的降压作用，对角叉菜胶(Carrageenin)所致大鼠足跖水肿无预防及治疗作用，蛇麻酮静脉注射可增强呼吸。

【毒性】

与蛇麻花有接触者，90~95{bf}发生皮炎，皮炎主要由鲜花粉所引起。蛇麻酮对人的副作用最常见者为胃肠道反应，如食欲不振、烧灼感、恶心、腹痛、呕吐、腹泻等。有个别人出现头痛、头晕、嗜睡、皮肤过敏等。治疗后除个别有转氨酶升高外，肝、肾功能，心电图全部正常，血、尿常规检查亦未发现异常现象。动物急性毒性实验，于死亡前有兴奋及抽搐现象，死于呼吸困难，肝、肾、肺有明显的充血或出血现象，小鼠慢性毒性实验，肺部有明显的病理变化。

【临床应用】

用啤酒花的提取物-酒精浸膏(称为"三合素"或"酒花素")制成多种剂型，治疗麻风病、结核病、菌痢等，取得一定疗效。

啤酒花主要价值

食用价值

花为酿造啤酒的原料。在啤酒酿造中，啤酒花具有不可替代的作用：

1、使啤酒具有清爽的芳香气、苦味和防腐力。酒花的芳香与麦芽的清香赋予啤酒含蓄的风味。啤酒、咖啡和茶都以香与苦取胜，这也是这几种饮料的魅力所在。啤酒花本身就是一种天然的防腐剂，它在赋予啤酒特别的香味的同时，也延长了啤酒的保存期。

2、形成啤酒优良的泡沫。啤酒泡沫是酒花中的异律草酮和来自麦芽的起泡蛋白的复合体。优良的酒花和麦芽，能酿造出洁白、细腻、丰富且挂杯持久的啤酒泡沫来。

3、有助于麦汁的澄清。在麦汁煮沸过程中，由于酒花添加，可将麦汁中的蛋白络合析出，从而起到澄清麦汁的作用，酿造出清纯的啤酒来。

4、啤酒花强烈的酒花味道能够平衡麦芽汁的自然甜度并激发食欲。原始的啤酒由于添加了蜜糖或枣椰子，味道比较甜美，但这样的啤酒并不非常解渴，这是掺啤酒花酿造而成的啤酒在整个中世纪非常流行的原因。

啤酒花食用价值

通过上文的介绍，我们详细的学习了关于啤酒花的相关知识，如果大家想了解更多关于植物的相关知识，别忘了阅读下一篇文章哦。

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