花菖蒲的栽培方法和花菖蒲的繁殖方法

植物图片 2019-04-09 09:59

花菖蒲，别名玉蝉花，它的花大直径可达15厘米以上旗瓣短于垂瓣，花色丰富。在公园中常常成片群植，犹如一只只彩蝶在空中飞舞，非常美丽。今天，我们就来学习花菖蒲的种植方法，让“彩蝶”开在我们家里！

花菖蒲的种植方法

花菖蒲的基础知识：

花菖蒲是鸢尾科鸢尾属宿根草本植物。其根茎粗而短，须根绳索状，细条形。基生叶条形，长50厘米至100厘米，宽8厘米至20厘米，平行脉多数，中脉明显突起。花莛坚挺直立，高50厘米至100厘米，并伴有退化叶1片至3片。苞片纸质，卵状披针形，长6厘米至8厘米，有花一两朵，花期5到6月份，果期7到8月份。蒴果矩圆形，有棱，种子褐色。

现在很多人认为花菖蒲与菖蒲是同一种植物，其实不然。菖蒲是天南星科菖蒲属，为我国传统文化中可防疫驱邪的灵草，与兰花、水仙、菊花并称为“花草四雅”。江南人家每逢端午时节，悬菖蒲、艾草于门窗，饮菖蒲酒，以祛避邪疫。人们在崇拜的同时，还赋予菖蒲以人性化，把农历4月14日定为菖蒲的生日，有“四月十四，菖蒲生日，修剪根叶，积海水以滋养之，则青翠易生，尤堪清目”之说。

花菖蒲的生长习性：

花菖蒲喜湿润、光线良好的环境，宜栽植于酸性、肥沃、富含有机质的沙壤土上，性耐寒。生长期要求充分水分，适度施肥，宜栽植于阴湿的林缘、溪边、河畔、水池边来美化环境，还可作切花。花菖蒲也常在园林中丛栽、盆栽布置花坛，栽植于浅水区、河浜池旁，也可布置专类园，或是植于林荫树下作为地被植物。

花菖蒲的种植方法

花菖蒲的栽培技术：

经常能看到花菖蒲种植在水中，也有的种植在高出水面的旱土里面，但长势不如种植在水中的。不管采取何种栽培形式，栽培时要尽可能选择阳光充分的地方，每天日照时间至少在半天以上。

种植花菖蒲，苗的摆放相当重要，其外叶均应朝向种植容器的壁或朝向种植地的外围，这样有助于新芽的萌发和生长，地栽苗的生长就不会拥挤，排列也整齐漂亮。

在盆中栽种应注意的一个问题就是保证水分。花菖蒲较其他宿根性植物喜湿润，特别是在萌芽期和开花期需要水量大，因此盆栽的花菖蒲盆底要垫2厘米至3厘米厚的沙子，沙子上面保持1厘米至2厘米的水位，使盆底浸在水中。

地栽之前首先要考虑水源和蓄水的问题，这个解决了，也就具备了栽种花菖蒲的先决条件，平时管理注意经常保持田间湿润即可。冬天花菖蒲进入休眠期，可略干燥。地栽种植株行距25厘米×30厘米比较适合，栽植深度以土壤覆盖植株根部为宜，栽植初期的水要尽量浅些，防止种苗漂浮，以利尽快扎根。

花菖蒲的种植方法

花菖蒲的繁殖方法：

花菖蒲繁殖方法有播种、分株及组培繁殖。播种分春播和秋播两种，播后4周至6周出苗，实生苗培育两年可开花。播种通常即采即播，不过容易产生变异，通常用于培育新品种。

分株可在春天、秋天和花后进行。挖出母株，将根茎分割，各带两三个芽，分别栽植。对根茎粗壮的种类，分割后宜蘸草木灰或放置一段时间使之稍干后再种植，以防病菌感染。为了便于作业，可以将叶子剪成30厘米长。若附带的根部不多，则可以把叶子剪至20厘米长左右，重要的是根和叶子的平衡比例。叶子若太长，则容易枯萎，不利于幼苗发育;叶子若太短，则发育会延迟。

在科技发达的今天，也可利用花梗侧芽、叶子、茎尖等外植体，经消毒处理后接种到适合的培养基上，诱导出营养芽或原球茎，再将原球茎进行大量增殖。当原球茎繁殖至一定数量后，进行分化培养，这样就可培养出大量植株。

花菖蒲的种植方法

花菖蒲的养护管理：

加强栽培管理措施，适度浇水施肥，定期进行轮作，经常清除枯叶、病株残体，减少病菌的来源。盆栽花菖蒲的病虫害较少，地栽苗相对要多一些。地栽的生长快，自身繁殖也快，因此要及时分株以确保通风透气，减少病虫害的发生。地栽花菖蒲的病虫害主要以预防为主，春天每7至10天打一次药，开花期要尽量少打药。其主要病虫害有叶斑病、锈病、卷叶蛾、蚜虫等，可用40{bf}乐果乳油1000倍至1500倍液加多菌灵50{bf}可湿性粉剂800倍喷雾防治。

盆栽花菖蒲要薄肥勤施，如果肥水过浓，会出现烧根而严重影响其生长。地栽苗管理可以粗放一些，水位最好保持根部以上10厘米左右，不能浸没整个植株。施肥主要是在春天和花后进行，通常秋天穴施有机肥料，每亩施用50公斤至80公斤，分两次完成。春天追肥一两次，以复合肥为好，通常每亩施用40公斤。若不移植，则在开花后适度施少量肥。

冬天及时将枯萎叶剪除，可减少病虫害发生，第二年能更好地长出新叶。当花菖蒲叶尖开始枯萎时，先不要将叶子全部剪掉，由于其叶子在枯萎时养分会缓慢转入地下部分，所以为了争取养分，在叶子还有绿色部分时，暂时先不要剪。当其完全枯萎后，可以把整片叶子剪掉。

专题： 菖蒲 花菖蒲
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