花魔芋的栽培技术

植物图片 2022-07-20 18:00

  整地

  花魔芋喜冷凉气候，耐阴湿。土质以深厚的轻沙质土壤为宜，重粘土、冷沙土不宜种花魔芋。忌重茬地和前茬是辣椒和烟叶的土地。土壤pH值6.5~7.5为宜。其中以低山南坡，坡度为5~10度的山坡疏林地带最佳。结合整地，每亩施腐熟有机肥2500千克，进行深翻整平。

  育苗

  花魔芋的繁殖系数较高，故其育苗方法也较多。常用小球茎整芋育苗法：选纵横径基本相似的球茎，芽窝小而浅，球茎充实，顶芽粗壮，块茎上部有1圈折断或脱落须根的痕迹，下部和底面光滑，无须根，无皱裂，无疤痕，无伤烂，重量在500克以下的球茎为种芋，播种前选择晴好天气，晒种1~2天，然后用72%1000万单位农用链霉素800倍液、40%福尔马林500倍液、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂800倍液浸种消毒30分钟，晾干后播种。采用穴播方式，每穴1个种芋，按23~33厘米的株行距，播后用细土覆盖种芋。

  定植

  在原整好的地块挖15~20厘米深的播种沟，按15×40厘米的株行距定植种芋，下种前要重施底肥，掺施钾肥，每亩施有机肥1500千克、钾肥5千克。肥料与种芋不能相接触，下种后要盖上3.5~5厘米的细土，再施窝子肥。种芋要倾斜错落，防止天旱、雨淋，以利出芽迅速而不伤芽烂种和幼芽正常生长。

  管理

  花魔芋是耐肥性较强的作物，下种前必须施足底肥，基肥以迟效有机肥为主，生长期要追肥3~4次，出苗后要及时追肥。每中耕1次，即追肥1次，培蔸1次。白露前后再追1次稀粪肥，以钾、氮肥为主，磷肥次之。如发现有部分叶柄、叶片瘦小细弱，叶色转淡的应立即补施尿素或人粪尿。特别是球茎膨大伸长期要施追肥，亩追施15~20千克的复合肥。在追肥期要结合浅耕拔草，后期不宜进行中耕。花魔芋怕旱忌涝，若土壤干燥，应及时淋水或灌溉，积水过多应疏沟排水。

  病虫害防治

  因花魔芋在生产栽培中有较好的抗性，病虫害较少。只有少量的软腐病、白绢病和细菌性叶枯病。软腐病可用70%多菌灵1000倍稀释液浇灌；白绢病可用70%甲基托布津800~1000倍稀释液喷洒，每7~10天喷1次；细菌性叶枯病发现后应及时摘除病叶，用1：1：120波尔多液喷洒即可消除。发病盛期为7~8月份。发现病株及时拔除，并在病株周围撒些生石灰粉或硫黄粉，以防病害扩大蔓延。同时，用50%的多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液喷雾，每10天1次，连续2~3次即可达到防治效果。

  采收

  根据花魔芋的生长习性，整个生育期为7个月左右。当地上茎杆发黄倒苗时，就可收获。最佳收获期在10月份倒苗后1个月左右，因倒苗后1月内，地下块茎还可继续生长。如倒苗后雨水不多，霜雪不大，天气比较暖和，则收挖时间还可适当延迟，以提高产量。收挖后的魔芋，将好芋和伤芋分开摊晾，待吹干水气后，即在室内地板上或在油毡等防潮物的地面上堆放贮藏，或加工、销售。
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