丁香的种植技术

植物图片 2022-07-20 15:00

  选地整地

  宜选择温和湿润、静风环境、温湿变化平缓、坡向最好为东南坡的地区,并选择土层深厚、疏松肥沃、排水良好的壤上栽培。土壤以疏松的砂壤土为宜。深翻土壤,打碎土块,施腐熟的干猪牛粪、火烧土作基肥,每亩施肥2500-3000千克。平整后,作宽1-1.3米、高25-30厘米的畦。如果在平原种植,地下水位要低,至少在3米以下。有条件先营造防护林带,防止台风为害。种植前挖穴,植穴规格为60厘米×60厘米×50厘米,穴内施腐熟厩肥15-25千克,掺天然磷矿粉0.05一0.1千克,与表土混匀填满植穴,让其自然下沉后待植。

  繁殖方法

  主要用种子繁殖。果实7-8月陆续成熟。鲜果肉质坚实,每千克鲜果有600-700粒。开沟点播,沟深2厘米,株行距则随育苗方式不同而异。苗床育苗,株行距10厘米×15厘米;营养砖育苗,株行距4厘米×6厘米。播种后盖上一层细土,以不见种子为度,切不要盖上太厚。在播前搭好前棚,保持50%的郁闭度。播后19-20天即可发芽。3个月后具3对真叶时,把幼苗带土移入装有腐殖土的塑料薄膜袋或竹箩内,每袋(箩)移苗四株,置于自然林下或人工前棚下继续培育。定植后5-6年开花结果。

  栽培护理

  丁香树1年一般需要3次修剪。第1次修剪一般在春季进行,目的是剪掉细弱枝、密集枝叶以及枯枝和病枝叶,以保护好新枝叶。第2次是当花谢之后,具体视情况而定,如果不想保留种子,可以将残花还有花穗一起剪掉,这样既可避免较多的过密枝叶,又有利于通风透光以及保持树形美观,促进萌发新枝叶。第3次是在落叶之后,将有病虫的树枝、干枯的树枝以及较纤细的树枝剪去,对交叉枝、徒长枝、重叠枝以及过密枝进行适当的修剪短截,以使丁香树的枝条分布匀称,方便来年的生长以及开花结果。地栽丁香,雨季要特别注意排水防涝,因为积水过久,易落叶死亡。

  田间管理

  (1)荫蔽1-3年生的幼树特别需要荫蔽,由于植距较宽,可在行间间种高秆作物,如玉米、木薯等,既可遮荫,又可作防护作用,还能增加收益,达到以短养长的目的。

  (2)除草、覆盖每年分别在7、9、10月,在丁香植株周围除草,并用草覆盖植株,但不要用锄头翻上以伤害了香根,林地上其它地方的杂草被割除作地面覆盖,还可作绿肥,代替天然植被覆盖地面。除草工作直至树冠郁闭而能抑制杂草的生长为止。

  (3)补苗丁香在幼龄期的致死因素较多,如发现缺苗,应及时补种同龄植株。

  (4)排灌幼龄丁香,根系纤弱,不耐旱,三年生以下的丁香树,干旱季节需要淋水,否则幼树干枯。开花结果期在干旱季节易引起落花落果,也要淋水,雨季前流通排水沟,以防积水。

  (5)施肥定植后,一般每年施肥2-3次:第一次在2-3月;每株施稀人粪尿10-15千克或尿素、硫酸钙和氯化钾各0.05-0.1千克;第二次在7-8月,除施氮肥外,每株加施0.1千克过磷酸钙或适量堆肥和火烧土,但不宜过量和紧靠根际,以免引起灼根造成腐烂;第三次在10-12月施以厩肥或堆肥,掺适量过磷酸钙和草木灰。

  (6)培土丁香树是浅根系,表土上层的细报必须避免受伤,同时这些细根不应露在土面,若露出要用肥沃松土培土2-5厘米。

  (7)修枝丁香树木需要大量修枝,但为了便于采花,可将主干上离地面50-70厘米内的分枝修去;若有几个分叉主干,应去弱留强,去斜留直,保留1个。上部枝叶不要随便修剪,以免造成空缺,影响圆锥形树冠的形成。

  (8)防风防护林的设置是确保了香园完整的一项重要措施。此外,幼龄期在台风来临前要做好防风工作,可用绳子和竹子固定丁香植株树干,以减轻台风对丁香植株的摇动,从而减少危害。

  采收加工

  一般种植5-6年后开花,25-30年为盛产期。在我国海南省引种区,6-7月花芽开始分化,明显看见花蕾,当花蕾由淡绿色变为暗红色时,或偶有1-2朵开放时,即把花序从基部摘下,勿伤枝叶,这样可提高公丁香产量,又可减少了香树养分的消耗。如果让花蕾继续生长,翌年3月为盛花期,4~6月座果,并逐渐长成幼果,采收未成熟果实,即为母丁香。

  从花芽分化到果实成熟需经三年时间。采收后的丁香花蕾,拣净杂物于阳光下晒,若天气晴朗一般晒3-4天即可,为了充分干燥,花蕾不可堆得太厚,而且要定时翻动,晒至干脆易断即为商品丁香。未成熟的幼果,采收后晒干,即为母丁香。

  留种技术

  采种母树最好是15年生以上、生长健壮、高产和抗病力强的植株。7-8月采摘紫红色的成熟果实。采后,不能日晒,即行播种。若从国外引进,宜用剥掉果肉及薄种皮的种子,用煮沸过半小时的湿木糠,作为种子包装垫充物,进行贮藏或运输,但湿度不宜过大。

  病虫害防治

  (1)褐斑病幼苗和成龄树都有发生,为害枝叶、果实。防治方法:

  ①可在发病前或发病初期用1∶1∶100倍的波尔多液喷洒;

  ②清洁田园,消灭病残株,集中烧毁。

  (2)煤烟病主要是由黑刺粉虱、蚧类、蚜虫等害虫的为害而引起的。防治方法:①发现上述害虫为害时用杀虫剂喷杀;②发病后用1∶1∶100倍的波尔多液喷洒。

  (3)根结线虫病由一种线虫引起,为害根部。防治方法:可用3%呋喃丹颗粒剂穴施或撤施于根区。

  (4)红蜘蛛为害叶片。防治方法:用0.2-0.3波美度石硫合剂和20%三氯杀螨砜稀释500倍液喷杀。两种液体混合使用效果更好。每5-7天喷1次,连续2-3次。

  (5)红蜡介壳为害枝叶。防治方法:冬季可喷10倍松脂合剂,50%马拉松稀释1000-1500倍液喷杀,每隔7-15天喷1次,连续2-3次。

  (6)大头蟋蟀为害小枝、叶、幼干。防治方法:采用毒饵诱杀。先将麦麸炒香,然后用90%晶体致百虫30倍液,拌湿麦麸,傍晚放畦周围。
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