白兰花百科：白兰花的用途价值和话语

植物图片 2019-05-29 10:56

白兰花介绍

白兰（学名：Michelia alba DC.），又称黄果兰，常绿乔木，高达17米，枝广展，呈阔伞形树冠；胸径30厘米；树皮灰色；揉枝叶有芳香；嫩枝及芽密被淡黄白色微柔毛，老时毛渐脱落。叶薄革质，长椭圆形或披针状椭圆形，上面无毛，下面疏生微柔毛，干时两面网脉均很明显。花白色，极香；花被片10片，披针形；雌蕊心皮多数，成熟时随着花托的延伸，形成蓇葖疏生的聚合果；蓇葖熟时鲜红色。花期4-9月，夏天绽放，通常不结实。

花洁白清香、夏秋间开放，花期长，叶色浓绿，为著名的庭园观赏树种，多栽为行道树。花可提取香精或薰茶，也可提制浸膏供药用，有行气化浊，治咳嗽等效。少见结实，多用嫁接繁殖，用黄兰、含笑、火力楠等为砧木；也可用空中压条或靠接繁殖。源产地印度尼西亚爪哇，现广植于东南亚。中国福建、广东、广西、云南等省区栽培极盛，长江流域各省区多盆栽，在温室越冬。

形态特征

白兰是常绿乔木，高达17米，枝广展，呈阔伞形树冠；胸径可达50厘米；树皮灰色；揉枝叶有芳香；嫩枝及芽密被淡黄白色微柔毛，老时毛渐脱落。叶薄革质，长椭圆形或披针状椭圆形，长10-27厘米，宽4-9.5厘米，先端长渐尖或尾状渐尖，基部楔形，上面无毛，下面疏生微柔毛，干时两面网脉均很明显；叶柄长1.5-2厘米，疏被微柔毛；托叶痕达叶柄中部。

花白色，极香；花被片10片，披针形，长3-4厘米，宽3-5毫米；雄蕊的药隔伸出长尖头；雌蕊群被微柔毛，雌蕊群柄长约4毫米，心皮多数，通常部分不发育，成熟时随着花托的延伸，形成蓇葖疏生的聚合果；蓇葖熟时鲜红色。花期4-9月，夏天绽放，通常不结实。

生长习性及分布

性喜光照，怕高温，不耐寒，适合于微酸性土壤。喜温暖湿润，不耐干旱和水涝，对二氧化硫、氯气等有毒气体比较敏感，抗性差。

源产地印度尼西亚爪哇，现广植于东南亚。中国福建、广东、广西、云南等省区栽培极盛，长江流域各省区多盆栽，在温室越冬。

白兰花栽培技术

1、土壤

家庭盆栽白兰花，应选择疏松、透气性强且含腐殖质较丰富的土壤栽培。通常采用透气性好的瓦盆、紫砂盆（缸）或用底孔较多的塑料盆。盆内土壤最好能有一定量的大小不等的颗粒状土壤，以利渗水透气。

2、换盆

依据白兰花的树冠大小和树龄的年限长短而更换大小适度的盆、缸，以利于植株生长旺盛。

3、光照

每年的3月至4月，将栽有白兰花的盆、缸移出室外，放置在阳光充分处即可。而在盛夏炎热季节，阳光照射强度，应稍加庇荫，以免烈日灼伤叶子及嫩茎。

4、施肥

在白兰花生长的旺盛时期（通常是每年的五六月或七八月），应每半个月左右给白兰花施一次花肥，或间隔20左右施少许的氮、磷、钾复合肥，每次2克至6克。

5、浇水

浇水是否得当是养护好白兰花的关键。白兰花不应浇水过勤、过量。防止烟污染，保持叶面清洁，必要时需进行叶面喷洗，以利于植株的正常发育生长。

6、气温

不耐寒，除华南地域以外，其他地域均要在冬天进房养护，最低室温应保持5℃以上，出房时间在清明至谷雨为宜。

7、修剪

入室前，应翦除枯枝、病枝、徒长自豪条和过密枝，最大限度地减少植株的营养消耗；出室时可适度摘去枝条下部的老叶，有利促生新枝条。此外，还需注意蚜虫等危害嫩枝梢，必须及时防治。

白兰花的繁殖方法

常用压条和嫁接繁殖。

1、压条

普通压条：压条最好在2-3月进行，将所要压取的枝条基部割进一半深度，再向上割开一段，中间卡一块瓦片，接着轻轻压入土中，不使折断，用“U”形的粗铁丝插入土中，将其固定，防止翘起，然后堆上土。春天压条，待发出根芽后即可切离分栽。

高枝压条：入伏前在母株上选择健壮和无病害的嫩枝条（直径1.5-2厘米），于盆岔处下部切开裂缝，然后用竹筒或无底瓦罐套上，里面装满营养土，外面用细绳扎紧，小心不去碰动，经常少量喷水，保持湿润，次年5月前后即可生出新根，取下定植。

2、嫁接

嫁接法中又有两种接法，一种是靠接，一种是切接。

靠接：靠接时间，自春至秋，整个生长季节皆可进行。以4-7月进行者为多。靠接部位以距离地面70厘米处为最好。绑缚后裹上泥团，并用树叶包扎在外面，防止雨水冲刷，经60天左右即可切离。靠接是较容易成活的一种方法，但不如切接的生长旺盛。

切接：在9月中、下旬，选择发育良好的玉兰枝条为接穗，砧木和接穗的切面应紧密结合，用塑料薄膜条进行绑扎、抹泥，并将接穗用泥土埋起来，保持土壤的湿润。中国北方地域在冬天需用稻草等覆盖接穗，第二年春去掉覆盖物，待萌发后保留枝条上部4-5个芽，其余的芽均应摘除，通过2-3年的常规养护，就能开花。

白兰花的用途价值

1、园林

白兰花株形直立有分枝，落落大方。在南方可露地庭院栽培，是南方园林中的骨干树种。北方盆栽，可布置庭院、厅堂、会议室。中小型植株可陈设于客厅、书房。因其惧怕烟熏，应摆在空气流通处。除了可以花叶齐观，作为一种香料植物，白兰花还可以兼做香料和药用。

2、宜居

白兰的生长环境改善了住宅的生长环境，也改善了主人的主宰风水环境。白兰花性喜温暖、湿润，宜通风良好，有充分日照，怕寒冷，忌潮湿，既不喜荫蔽，又不耐日灼，这样的生活要求，给了主人一个家居环境是否适合温暖，湿润和通风的判断的标准，如果一个家的白兰花生长得好的话，证明这些条件都做到了，这些条件正是判断一个房子风水好与坏的标准。

白兰花的花语

葡萄花语——纯洁的爱，真挚。

专题： 兰花 白兰花
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