白兰花百科:白兰花的用途价值和话语

植物图片 2019-05-29 10:56

白兰花介绍

白兰(学名:Michelia alba DC.),又称黄果兰,常绿乔木,高达17米,枝广展,呈阔伞形树冠;胸径30厘米;树皮灰色;揉枝叶有芳香;嫩枝及芽密被淡黄白色微柔毛,老时毛渐脱落。叶薄革质,长椭圆形或披针状椭圆形,上面无毛,下面疏生微柔毛,干时两面网脉均很明显。花白色,极香;花被片10片,披针形;雌蕊心皮多数,成熟时随着花托的延伸,形成蓇葖疏生的聚合果;蓇葖熟时鲜红色。花期4-9月,夏天绽放,通常不结实。

花洁白清香、夏秋间开放,花期长,叶色浓绿,为著名的庭园观赏树种,多栽为行道树。花可提取香精或薰茶,也可提制浸膏供药用,有行气化浊,治咳嗽等效。少见结实,多用嫁接繁殖,用黄兰、含笑、火力楠等为砧木;也可用空中压条或靠接繁殖。源产地印度尼西亚爪哇,现广植于东南亚。中国福建、广东、广西、云南等省区栽培极盛,长江流域各省区多盆栽,在温室越冬。

形态特征

白兰是常绿乔木,高达17米,枝广展,呈阔伞形树冠;胸径可达50厘米;树皮灰色;揉枝叶有芳香;嫩枝及芽密被淡黄白色微柔毛,老时毛渐脱落。叶薄革质,长椭圆形或披针状椭圆形,长10-27厘米,宽4-9.5厘米,先端长渐尖或尾状渐尖,基部楔形,上面无毛,下面疏生微柔毛,干时两面网脉均很明显;叶柄长1.5-2厘米,疏被微柔毛;托叶痕达叶柄中部。

花白色,极香;花被片10片,披针形,长3-4厘米,宽3-5毫米;雄蕊的药隔伸出长尖头;雌蕊群被微柔毛,雌蕊群柄长约4毫米,心皮多数,通常部分不发育,成熟时随着花托的延伸,形成蓇葖疏生的聚合果;蓇葖熟时鲜红色。花期4-9月,夏天绽放,通常不结实。

生长习性及分布

性喜光照,怕高温,不耐寒,适合于微酸性土壤。喜温暖湿润,不耐干旱和水涝,对二氧化硫、氯气等有毒气体比较敏感,抗性差。

源产地印度尼西亚爪哇,现广植于东南亚。中国福建、广东、广西、云南等省区栽培极盛,长江流域各省区多盆栽,在温室越冬。

白兰花栽培技术

1、土壤

家庭盆栽白兰花,应选择疏松、透气性强且含腐殖质较丰富的土壤栽培。通常采用透气性好的瓦盆、紫砂盆(缸)或用底孔较多的塑料盆。盆内土壤最好能有一定量的大小不等的颗粒状土壤,以利渗水透气。

2、换盆

依据白兰花的树冠大小和树龄的年限长短而更换大小适度的盆、缸,以利于植株生长旺盛。

3、光照

每年的3月至4月,将栽有白兰花的盆、缸移出室外,放置在阳光充分处即可。而在盛夏炎热季节,阳光照射强度,应稍加庇荫,以免烈日灼伤叶子及嫩茎。

4、施肥

在白兰花生长的旺盛时期(通常是每年的五六月或七八月),应每半个月左右给白兰花施一次花肥,或间隔20左右施少许的氮、磷、钾复合肥,每次2克至6克。

5、浇水

浇水是否得当是养护好白兰花的关键。白兰花不应浇水过勤、过量。防止烟污染,保持叶面清洁,必要时需进行叶面喷洗,以利于植株的正常发育生长。

6、气温

不耐寒,除华南地域以外,其他地域均要在冬天进房养护,最低室温应保持5℃以上,出房时间在清明至谷雨为宜。

7、修剪

入室前,应翦除枯枝、病枝、徒长自豪条和过密枝,最大限度地减少植株的营养消耗;出室时可适度摘去枝条下部的老叶,有利促生新枝条。此外,还需注意蚜虫等危害嫩枝梢,必须及时防治。

白兰花的繁殖方法

常用压条和嫁接繁殖。

1、压条

普通压条:压条最好在2-3月进行,将所要压取的枝条基部割进一半深度,再向上割开一段,中间卡一块瓦片,接着轻轻压入土中,不使折断,用“U”形的粗铁丝插入土中,将其固定,防止翘起,然后堆上土。春天压条,待发出根芽后即可切离分栽。

高枝压条:入伏前在母株上选择健壮和无病害的嫩枝条(直径1.5-2厘米),于盆岔处下部切开裂缝,然后用竹筒或无底瓦罐套上,里面装满营养土,外面用细绳扎紧,小心不去碰动,经常少量喷水,保持湿润,次年5月前后即可生出新根,取下定植。

2、嫁接

嫁接法中又有两种接法,一种是靠接,一种是切接。

靠接:靠接时间,自春至秋,整个生长季节皆可进行。以4-7月进行者为多。靠接部位以距离地面70厘米处为最好。绑缚后裹上泥团,并用树叶包扎在外面,防止雨水冲刷,经60天左右即可切离。靠接是较容易成活的一种方法,但不如切接的生长旺盛。

切接:在9月中、下旬,选择发育良好的玉兰枝条为接穗,砧木和接穗的切面应紧密结合,用塑料薄膜条进行绑扎、抹泥,并将接穗用泥土埋起来,保持土壤的湿润。中国北方地域在冬天需用稻草等覆盖接穗,第二年春去掉覆盖物,待萌发后保留枝条上部4-5个芽,其余的芽均应摘除,通过2-3年的常规养护,就能开花。

白兰花的用途价值

1、园林

白兰花株形直立有分枝,落落大方。在南方可露地庭院栽培,是南方园林中的骨干树种。北方盆栽,可布置庭院、厅堂、会议室。中小型植株可陈设于客厅、书房。因其惧怕烟熏,应摆在空气流通处。除了可以花叶齐观,作为一种香料植物,白兰花还可以兼做香料和药用。

2、宜居

白兰的生长环境改善了住宅的生长环境,也改善了主人的主宰风水环境。白兰花性喜温暖、湿润,宜通风良好,有充分日照,怕寒冷,忌潮湿,既不喜荫蔽,又不耐日灼,这样的生活要求,给了主人一个家居环境是否适合温暖,湿润和通风的判断的标准,如果一个家的白兰花生长得好的话,证明这些条件都做到了,这些条件正是判断一个房子风水好与坏的标准。

白兰花的花语

葡萄花语——纯洁的爱,真挚。

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