无土栽培技术:无土栽培技术的介绍

植物图片 2019-06-20 11:06

无土栽培即不用土壤,用溶液培养植物的方式,包括水培和沙培。19世纪中,W.克诺普等发展了这种方法。到20世纪30年代开始把这种技术应用到农业生产上。在二十一世纪人们进一步改进技术,使得无土栽培发展起来。下面我们一起去了解一下无土栽培技术吧!

无土栽培技术

无土栽培技术:

一、主要技术方法

1、秸秆栽培基质的发酵。

秸秆堆腐前的准备:

(1)作物秸秆可采用小麦秸、玉米秸等作物秸秆,秸秆量应大于栽培槽体积的2倍,如通常一个标准大(666.7平方米)种植樱桃番茄时,栽培槽的体积约20 立方米,准备小麦秸的体积40立方米以上,先将秸秆碎,长度小于4厘米,然后用水浸润备用。

(2)采用秸秆复合微生物制剂堆腐发酵秸秆。

(3)牛粪4立方米,在秸秆堆腐前一周,与秸秆腐熟菌掺混,使秸秆腐熟菌在牛粪中扩繁。

(4)尿素的用量约为秸秆量的0.5%,40 立方米秸秆需25千克的尿素。

秸秆堆腐的方式:秸秆堆的底宽2米,高度1.8~2.0米,长度不限。每铺20厘米秸秆,撒一层掺有秸秆腐熟菌的牛粪和适量的尿素,若秸秆浸润的水不足,再喷洒适量的水,以用手紧握秸秆,指缝间有水被挤出为度。此法将秸秆一直堆到1.8~2.0米的高度,建堆完成。然后覆盖塑料膜,减少堆内水分蒸发。2~3天后,堆内气温可达70°c以上;15天左右进行翻堆,将边沿部位的秸秆翻入堆中间,使秸秆与牛粪进一步混匀,若秸秆干燥,可适量补充水分;翻堆后,再堆腐15天左右,秸秆半腐熟,已没有了韧性,手握既断,c/n比在30~40之间,即可作为无土栽培的基质使用。

2、栽培操作技术。

(1)栽培槽:栽培槽采用地挖沟槽铺塑料膜的方式。以樱桃番茄为例:樱桃番茄采用大小行种植,行距60厘米~70厘米,单行挖栽培槽,栽培槽的形状为三角形,上口20厘米,深度25厘米,沟底要平,避免局部积水;在栽培槽内,铺0.1毫米的塑料膜;在塑料膜上填充发酵秸秆做基质,用脚踏实;定植樱桃番茄苗,株距35厘米。

(2)安装滴灌设备:滴灌设施对无土栽培非常重要,是供给无机营养和水分的必须设备。主要滴灌设备包括动力设备、肥料罐、过滤器、水表、支管和毛管。动力设备包括水塔、集中供水的变频潜水泵等,在地下水位较浅的黄泛平原地域,一个大棚内可打一眼塑料软管的水井,用自吸泵做动力即可满足一个大棚滴灌的压力;肥料罐是专门设计的,可减少水压损失和解决肥料堵塞过滤器的问题,已获国家实用新型专利授权;支管可采用直径32~40毫米的聚乙烯管;毛管的滴头间距以20厘米为好,滴头的间距近,湿润秸秆基质的点多,利于蔬菜的根系吸收。滴灌管道的铺设,支管平行于大棚的后墙,最好在中间断开,用三通与肥料罐连接,使水流从中间向两端分流,整个滴灌的压力较均匀;每行铺设一根毛管,使毛管尽量在栽培槽的中间,滴头面向上,可减少滴灌的堵塞。

(3)营养液的管理:研究发明了适合于该栽培系统的营养液管理方法,采用营养液肥料分组分别直接加入到基质的方式,改变了传统营养液的概念和管理方法。传统的营养液的配制是将大、中、微量元素肥料,溶解在一起,由于北方的地下水普遍偏碱,在配制过程中易产生化学沉淀,通常须用酸调节营养液的ph值,农民较难掌握;解决化学沉淀还有用将重金属离子络合的方式,其成本较高;营养液的问题,成为无土栽培技术推广的一个主要瓶颈口;再者营养液配制池的投资也较高。本技术采用营养液肥料分组分别直接加入到基质的方式,将可形成化学沉淀的肥料分开,先将一组肥料加入肥料罐内,在滴灌过程中,将肥料溶解滴入基质,当其充分溶解完后;停下滴灌,加入另一组肥料,直至滴灌结束。

无土栽培技术

营养液的管理方法:定植初期,不用滴灌供应营养液,蔬菜的根系很小,多数滴头的营养液不能被根系吸收,造成浪费,可用水桶溶解一定量的氮磷钾肥料,浓度在1克/升左右,人工浇在苗的周围,每天一次,连续10天左右,根系基本连接后,正常使用滴灌供给营养液;滴灌供给营养液初期,由于苗较小,耗水耗肥量少,每天滴灌0.5立方米的水肥,上午和下午各一次,每次加一组肥料;在秋、冬天依据苗情和天气,通常每天的灌水量掌握在1立方米左右,在晴天的上午滴灌,阴天不灌水;灌水量的大小,可通过观察栽培槽内的营养液积存情况而定。春天的气温高,光照充分,樱桃番茄生长量大,滴灌水肥量,每天在1.5~2立方米。

3、栽培效果。

本技术栽培的樱桃番茄较土栽的含糖量提高26.3%。味道纯正,酸甜可口,余味清香,口感较土栽明显得好;减少农药用量,农药用量为土栽的1/4;节水省肥,每棚用水150立方米,用肥款1500元/棚,肥料投资较土栽减少350元/棚左右;产量基本持平,整体效益增加20%以上。

二、技术优点

1、栽培槽采用地挖沟槽铺塑料膜的方式。其优点:地挖沟槽可以使栽培基质的气温较稳定,比地上或半地上永久性砖混结构的栽培槽,基质的昼夜温差要小得多,避免冬天夜间基质气温过低,对根系造成伤害。

2、栽培基质采用经过堆腐的作物秸秆。其优点:作物秸秆在我国资源丰富,价钱低廉,农民不花钱或少花钱,就可用上秸秆基质;秸秆基质在使用过程中,经过微生物分解产生co2,起到co2气肥的作用,经测定秸秆基质无土栽培大棚,早晨co2浓度超过2000毫克/千克,可以不进行co2施肥;秸秆基质可以调节营养液的生理酸碱性,经测定基质ph值稳定在7左右;同时,在分解过程中,产生的糖份、氨基酸等小分子有机物,可以被蔬菜根系吸收,改善蔬菜的品质;秸秆基质在使用后,可作为有机肥料料施入农田,不产生环境污染。

3、营养液的管理。采用营养液肥料分组分别通过滴灌系统加入到基质的方式,农民很容易掌握。这样减少了传统营养液的配制操作和营养液池设施。

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