天竺葵百科知识

植物图片 2019-09-24 09:58

天竺葵介绍

天竺葵（学名：Pelargonium hortorum Bailey）为牻牛儿苗科天竺葵属花卉植物，别名：洋绣球、石腊红、入腊红、日烂红、洋葵等。

天竺葵幼株为肉质草本，老株半木质化；源产地非洲，非洲人民以天竺葵为骄傲，在西方天竺葵是很好的装饰窗台的花卉，在欧亚地域也非常受欢迎，德国、西班牙和匈牙利等国都非常重视天竺葵的生产和育种，而且匈牙利还将多姿多彩的天竺葵定为国花。

形态特征

天竺葵为多年生草本，可高达30～60厘米。其茎肉质，基部木质，多分枝，通体有细毛和腺毛，有鱼腥气。叶互生，圆形至肾形，通常叶缘内有马蹄纹。伞形花序顶生，总梗长，有直立和悬垂两种，花多数，中等大，花色有红色、桃红色、橙红色、玫瑰色、白色或混合色。有单瓣重瓣之分，还有叶面具白、黄、紫色斑纹的彩叶品种。

生长习性

天竺葵耐干旱。喜温暖、湿润和阳光充分环境。耐寒性差，怕水湿和高温。生长适温3～9月为13～19℃，冬天气温为10～12℃，冬天气温不低于10℃，短时间能耐5℃低温，6～7月间呈半休眠状态，应严格控制浇水。适合肥沃、疏松和排水良好的砂质壤土，不耐水湿，湿度过大易徒长，稍耐干旱。单瓣品种需人工授粉，才能提高结实率。花后约40～50天种子成熟。

分布区域

天竺葵源产地地是非洲南部好望角。第一个天竺葵的种植物种为齐斯特洋葵，为南非源产地。在1600年之前被一艘停靠过好望角的船只带回荷兰莱顿的植物园。 1631年，英国园艺家John Tradescant从巴黎的Rene Morin购买种子并引进这种植物到英格兰。如今天竺葵在我国及世界各地均有栽培。

繁殖方法

天竺葵的繁殖方法有播种繁殖、扦插繁殖、温室繁殖和组培培养，其中播种和扦插繁殖比较常见。

播种繁殖：春、秋天均可进行，发芽适温为20～25℃。天竺葵种子不大，播后覆土不宜深，约2～5天发芽。

扦插繁殖：除6～7月植株处于半休眠状态外均可扦插。采用插条长10厘米，以顶端部最好，剪取插条后，让切口干燥数日，形成薄膜后再插于沙床，保持室温13～18℃。

天竺葵常见品种

常见品种有：（1）真爱，花单瓣，红色；（2）幻想曲，大花型，花半重瓣，红色；（3）口香糖，双色种，花深红色，花心粉红；（4）紫球2·佩巴尔，花半重瓣、紫红色；（5）探戈紫，大花种，花纯紫色；（6）美洛多，大花种，花半重瓣，鲜红色；（7）贾纳，大花、双色种，花深粉红，花心洋红；（8）萨姆巴，大花种，花深红色；（9）阿拉瓦，花半重瓣，淡橙红色；（10）葡萄设计师，花半重瓣，紫红色，具白眼；（11）迷途白，花纯白色。

观赏品种有：（1）蔓生天竺葵；（2）香叶天竺葵；（3）马蹄纹天竺葵；（4）家天竺葵 ；（5）盾叶天竺葵

天竺葵的主要用途

1、制造精油：天竺葵可提取天竺葵精油，具有促进胸部的发育及其提升乳腺，防治乳腺增生的效用。

2、医药用途：天竺葵可用于止血，收缩血管，气喘，肝排毒，胆结石，肾排毒，肾结石，利尿，肌肉酸痛，油性皮肤，老化皮肤活化，疱疹，皮肤苍白，减肥，促进结疤，湿疹，灼伤晒伤，癣，月经不顺，乳房充血发炎，减轻忧郁不安，驱赶恶魔，补身，除臭，抗菌，杀菌，戒烟等。

专题： 天竺葵
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