凤仙花百科知识

植物图片 2020-02-09 10:39

嫩绿的凤仙花植株图片

凤仙花介绍

凤仙花（学名：Impatiens balsamina L.）为凤仙花科凤仙花属一年生草本花卉植物。又名：指甲花、染指甲花、透骨草、洒金花、芰芰草、看樱桃、凤阳花、顶头凤、染花、小桃红、急性子、凤仙透骨草、海纳花等。因其花头、翅、尾、足俱翘然如凤状，故又名金凤花。

凤仙花有根、茎、叶子、花、果实和种子六个部分，花朵颜色多样，有粉红，大红，紫色，粉紫等多种颜色。据说，花瓣或者叶子捣碎，用树叶包在指甲上，能染上鲜艳的红色，非常漂亮，很受女孩子的喜爱。

形态特征

一年生草本；茎高40-100厘米，肉质，粗壮，直立。上部分枝，有柔毛或近于光滑。叶互生，阔或狭披针形，长达10厘米左右，顶端渐尖，边缘有锐齿，基部楔形；叶柄附近有几对腺体。其花形似蝴蝶，花色有粉红、大红、紫、白黄、洒金等，善变异。有的品种同一株上能开数种颜色的花朵。凤仙花多单瓣，重瓣的称凤球花。花梗长2-2.5cm，密被柔毛；苞片线形，位于花梗的基部旗瓣圆形，兜状，先端微凹，背面中肋具狭龙骨状突起，顶端具小尖，翼瓣具短柄；花药卵球形，顶端钝；子房纺锤形，密被柔毛。蒴果宽纺锤形，熟时一触即裂，长10-20mm：两端尖，密被柔毛。种子多数，圆球形，直径1.5-3毫米，黑褐色，成熟时外壳自行爆裂，将种子弹出，自播繁殖，故采种须及时。花期7～10月。

生长习性

凤仙花性喜阳光，怕湿，耐热不耐寒。喜向阳的地势和疏松肥沃酸性的土壤，在较贫瘠的土壤中也可生长。

凤仙花生存力强，适应性好，通常很少有病虫害。如果气温高、湿度大，出现白粉病，可用50{bf}基硫菌灵可湿性粉800倍液喷洒防治。如发生叶斑病，可用50{bf}多菌灵可湿性粉500倍液防治。凤仙花主要虫害是红天蛾，其幼虫会啃食凤仙叶子。如发现有此虫害，可人工捕捉灭除。

分布区域

源产地中国、印度。中国各地庭园广泛栽培，为常见的观赏花卉。 中国南北各地均有栽培。 药材主产于江苏、浙江、河北、安徽等地。

繁殖方法

凤仙花通常采用播种的方式繁殖，于3-4月间播种为宜，南方可直接播于露地苗床；喜向阳的地势和疏松肥沃的土壤，种子细小，寿命较长，在室温下贮藏3年其发芽率仍达79.7{bf}。播种行距35cm，开1cm的浅沟，将种子均匀撒入沟内，覆土后稍加镇压，随后浇水。播后保持土壤湿润，气温25℃左右时约5天开始出苗。每667平方米用种量500g。 苗高5～10cm时间苗，将细小、纤弱、过密的苗间去，并按20cm株距定苗。合理密植，可以优质高产。

凤仙花的主要用途

药用价值：以根、茎、花及种子入药。凤仙花系著名中药。主治风湿肢体痿废；腰胁疼痛；妇女闭腹痛；产后瘀血未尽；跌打损伤；骨折；痈疽疮毒；毒蛇咬伤；白带；鹅掌风；灰指甲等疾病。

观赏价值：凤仙花如鹤顶、似彩凤，姿态优美，妩媚悦人。香艳的红色凤仙和娇嫩的碧色凤仙都是早晨开放，是欣赏凤仙花的最好时机。凤仙花因其花色、品种极为丰富，具备极高的观赏价值。

染色作用：在印度、中东等地称为HENAA海娜，其本身带有天然红棕色素。著名的印度身体彩绘，就是用它来染色的。

凤仙花的相关品种

1、顶头凤仙：别名拦头凤仙。为凤仙花的变种。花顶生主茎或分枝顶端。花大，重瓣。分枝扩张，形成丛株。

2、矮生凤仙：为凤仙花的变种。植株较矮，株高20-30厘米。

3、龙爪凤仙：为凤仙花的变种。侧枝蜿蜒，水平延伸。

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