梅花百科知识

植物图片 2020-02-09 10:40

淡雅的梅花图片

梅花介绍

梅花（学名：Armeniaca mume Sieb.）为蔷薇科杏属木本植物开的花，又名日本杏、西梅、野梅花、白梅花、春梅、干枝梅、酸梅、乌梅、垂枝梅等。

梅花有许多品种，许多类型，不但可露地栽培供观赏，还可以栽为盆花。梅、兰、竹、菊并称为“四君子”，也与松树、竹子一起被称为岁寒三友。梅花在冬春天节开放。

梅花是中华民族与中国的精神象征，象征坚韧不拔，不屈不挠，奋勇当先，自强不息的精神品质。

形态特征

梅花高4-10米；树皮浅灰色或带绿色，平滑；小枝绿色，光滑无毛。叶子卵形或椭圆形，先端尾尖，基部宽楔形至圆形，叶边常具小锐锯齿，灰绿色，幼嫩时两面被短柔毛，成长时逐渐脱落，或仅下面脉腋间具短柔毛；叶柄长1-2厘米，幼时具毛，老时脱落，常有腺体。花单生或有时2朵同生于1芽内，香味浓，先于叶开放；花梗短，常无毛；花萼通常红褐色，但有些品种的花萼为绿色或绿紫色；萼筒宽钟形，无毛或有时被短柔毛；萼片卵形或近圆形，先端圆钝；花瓣倒卵形，白色至粉红色；雄蕊短或稍长于花瓣；子房密被柔毛，花柱短或稍长于雄蕊。果实近球形，黄色或绿白色，被柔毛，味酸；果肉与核粘贴；核椭圆形，顶端圆形而有小突尖头，基部渐狭成楔形，两侧微扁，腹棱稍钝，腹面和背棱上均有明显纵沟，表面具蜂窝状孔穴。花期冬春天，果期5-6月（在华北果期延至7-8月）。

生长习性

梅花性喜温暖、湿润的气候，在光照充分、通风良好条件下能较好生长，对土壤要求不严，耐瘠薄，耐寒，怕积水。适合在表土疏松、肥沃，排水良好、底土稍黏的湿润土壤上生长。

喜温暖和充分的光照。除杏梅系品种能耐- 25℃低温外，通常耐-10℃低温。耐高温，在40℃条件下也能生长。：在年平均气温16-23℃地域生长发育最好。对气温非常敏感，在早春平均气温达- 5-7℃时开花，若遇低温，开花期延后，若开花时遇低温，则花期可延长。生长期应摆在阳光充分、通风良好的地方，若处在庇荫环境，光照不足，则生长瘦弱，开花稀少。冬天不要入室过早，以11月下旬入室为宜，。冬天应摆在室内向阳处，气温保持5℃左右即可。

分布区域

1、自然分布：梅在我国自然分布范围很广，北界是秦岭南坡、西起西藏通麦、南至云南、广东，共有16个省、或地域有梅的自然分布。在此范围内，川、滇、藏交界的横断山区是梅的自然分布中心与变异中心，该区域内有较多的大片野梅林，且变异类型较多。

2、栽培分布：我国各地均有栽培，其中主要栽培地在北京、山东、河南及其西藏自治区首府拉萨。此外，我国海南省也有梅的栽培。

3、梅花系我国特产，我国是梅花的世界野生分布中心，也是梅花的世界栽培中心，日本和朝鲜也有。

繁殖方式

梅花繁殖方法有播种、扦插、压条、嫁接等方法。在气候寒冷、干燥地域，以嫁接法成活率较高。

梅花的品种

梅花品种很多，大品种有30多个，下属小品种有300多个，通常花期在2～3个月左右。经陈俊愉教授研究，1962年时已有231个品种，还在不断创新中，按其品种按枝条及生长姿态可分为叶梅类、直脚梅类、杏梅类、照水梅类、龙游梅类。

按花型花色可分为宫粉型、红梅型、照水梅型、玉蝶型、朱砂型、大红型、绿萼型和洒金型等。其中宫粉最为普遍，品种最多，花粉红，着花密而浓；玉蝶型花紫白，别有风韵；绿萼型花白色，香味极浓，尤以成都的“金钱绿萼”为好。

梅花的价值及观赏地

梅花的价值：梅源产地我国南方，已有三千多年的栽培历史，无论作观赏或果树均有许多品种。许多类型不但露地栽培供观赏，还可以栽为盆花，制作梅桩。鲜花可提取香精，花、叶、根和种仁均可入药。果实可食、盐渍或千制，或熏制成乌梅人药，有止咳、止泻、生津、止渴之效。梅又能抗根线虫危害，可作核果类果树的砧木。

最好观赏地点：南京梅花山梅园、上海淀山湖梅园、江苏无锡梅园和武汉东湖磨山梅园。

专题： 梅花
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