甘蔗百科知识

植物图片 2020-03-20 10:08

整齐的黑甘蔗图片

甘蔗介绍

甘蔗(学名:Saccharum)为禾本科甘蔗属植物,别名:薯蔗、糖蔗、黄皮果蔗。是植物界单子叶植物纲多年生高大实心草本。

全世界有一百多个国家出产甘蔗,最大的甘蔗生产国是巴西、印度和中国。甘蔗中含有丰富的糖分、水分,还含有对人体新陈代谢非常有益的各种维生素、脂肪、蛋白质、有机酸、钙、铁等物质,主要用于制糖,现广泛种植于热带及亚热带地域。

形态特征

甘蔗根状茎粗壮发达。秆高3-5(-6)米。直径2-4(-5)厘米,具20-40节,下部节间较短而粗大,被白粉。叶鞘长于其节间,除鞘口具柔毛外余无毛;叶舌极短,生纤毛,叶子长达1米,宽4-6厘米,无毛,中脉粗壮,白色,边缘具锯齿状粗糙。圆锥花序大型,长50厘米左右,主轴除节具毛外余无毛,在花序以下部分不具丝状柔毛;总状花序多数轮生,稠密;总状花序轴节间与小穗柄无毛;小穗线状长圆形,长3.5-4毫米;基盘具长于小穗2-3倍的丝状柔毛;第一颖脊间无脉,不具柔毛,顶端尖,边缘膜质;第二颖具3脉,中脉成脊,粗糙,无毛或具纤毛;第一外稃膜质,与颖近等长,无毛;第二外稃微小,无芒或退化;第二内稃披针形;鳞被无毛。

生长习性

甘蔗为喜温、喜光作物,年积温需5500℃~8500℃,无霜期330d以上,年均空气湿度60{bf},年降水量要求800~1200mm,日照时数在1195小时以上。甘蔗对土壤的适应性比较广泛,以粘壤土、壤土、砂壤土较好。土壤pH值在4.5~8.0,甘蔗都能生长,但以土壤pH值6.5~7.5为适合。

分布区域

甘蔗源产地于印度,现广泛种植于热带及亚热带地域。甘蔗种植面积最大的国家是巴西,其次是印度,中国位居第三,种植面积较大的国家还有古巴、泰国、墨西哥、澳大利亚、美国等。

国内分布情况:蔗区主要分布在广西(产量占全国60{bf})、广东、台湾、福建、四川、云南、江西、贵州、湖南、浙江、湖北等省(自治区)。

繁殖方法

田间甘蔗种植不由种子开始,通常都直接种植蔗苗。蔗苗来源很多,最主要是蔗茎,由于蔗节上会长芽,方法是取整支蔗茎,分切成一段段双芽苗,然后平植或斜植。近来为了节省人工,也有采用整株平植的。早期人工充裕时,在将要采收的原料茎的梢头上,采取二支双芽苗或三芽苗,此法要配合开工期,只能用于春植或一期糊仔。其它还有分蘖切离苗及各种侧芽苗等。另外还可以采用宿根方法,就是当原料甘蔗采收时,不挖蔗头,采收后再经过切头、开根、排土、施肥即可。

甘蔗的营养价值

现代医学研究表明,甘蔗中含有丰富的糖分、水分,此外,还含有对人体新陈代谢非常有益的各种维生素、脂肪、蛋白质、有机酸、钙、铁等物质。甘蔗不但能给食物增添甜味,而且还可以提供人体所需的营养和热量。含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、钙、磷、铁、天门冬素、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、正这氨酸、赖氨酸、羟丁氨酸、谷氨酰胺、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨酸、苯丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等多种氨基酸,延胡索酸、琥珀酸、甘醇酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸等有机酸及维生素B1、B2、B6、C。榨去汁的甘蔗渣中,含有对小鼠艾氏癌和肉瘤180有抑制作用的多糖类。

甘蔗的食疗作用

通常人群均可食用,脾胃虚寒、胃腹寒疼者不宜食用。甘蔗是能清、能润,甘凉滋养的食疗佳品,古往今来被人们广为称道,就连那些清高儒雅的文人墨客们对其也情有独钟。唐代诗人王维在《樱桃诗》中写道:“饮食不须愁内热,大官还有蔗浆寒。”而大医学家李时珍对甘蔗则别有一番见解,他说:“凡蔗榕浆饮固佳,又不若咀嚼之味永也”,将食用甘蔗的微妙之外表述得淋漓尽致。

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