甘蔗百科知识

植物图片 2020-03-20 10:08

整齐的黑甘蔗图片

甘蔗介绍

甘蔗（学名：Saccharum）为禾本科甘蔗属植物，别名：薯蔗、糖蔗、黄皮果蔗。是植物界单子叶植物纲多年生高大实心草本。

全世界有一百多个国家出产甘蔗，最大的甘蔗生产国是巴西、印度和中国。甘蔗中含有丰富的糖分、水分，还含有对人体新陈代谢非常有益的各种维生素、脂肪、蛋白质、有机酸、钙、铁等物质，主要用于制糖，现广泛种植于热带及亚热带地域。

形态特征

甘蔗根状茎粗壮发达。秆高3-5（-6）米。直径2-4（-5）厘米，具20-40节，下部节间较短而粗大，被白粉。叶鞘长于其节间，除鞘口具柔毛外余无毛；叶舌极短，生纤毛，叶子长达1米，宽4-6厘米，无毛，中脉粗壮，白色，边缘具锯齿状粗糙。圆锥花序大型，长50厘米左右，主轴除节具毛外余无毛，在花序以下部分不具丝状柔毛；总状花序多数轮生，稠密；总状花序轴节间与小穗柄无毛；小穗线状长圆形，长3.5-4毫米；基盘具长于小穗2-3倍的丝状柔毛；第一颖脊间无脉，不具柔毛，顶端尖，边缘膜质；第二颖具3脉，中脉成脊，粗糙，无毛或具纤毛；第一外稃膜质，与颖近等长，无毛；第二外稃微小，无芒或退化；第二内稃披针形；鳞被无毛。

生长习性

甘蔗为喜温、喜光作物，年积温需5500℃～8500℃，无霜期330d以上，年均空气湿度60{bf}，年降水量要求800～1200mm，日照时数在1195小时以上。甘蔗对土壤的适应性比较广泛，以粘壤土、壤土、砂壤土较好。土壤pH值在4.5～8.0,甘蔗都能生长，但以土壤pH值6.5～7.5为适合。

分布区域

甘蔗源产地于印度，现广泛种植于热带及亚热带地域。甘蔗种植面积最大的国家是巴西，其次是印度，中国位居第三，种植面积较大的国家还有古巴、泰国、墨西哥、澳大利亚、美国等。

国内分布情况：蔗区主要分布在广西（产量占全国60{bf}）、广东、台湾、福建、四川、云南、江西、贵州、湖南、浙江、湖北等省（自治区）。

繁殖方法

田间甘蔗种植不由种子开始，通常都直接种植蔗苗。蔗苗来源很多，最主要是蔗茎，由于蔗节上会长芽，方法是取整支蔗茎，分切成一段段双芽苗，然后平植或斜植。近来为了节省人工，也有采用整株平植的。早期人工充裕时，在将要采收的原料茎的梢头上，采取二支双芽苗或三芽苗，此法要配合开工期，只能用于春植或一期糊仔。其它还有分蘖切离苗及各种侧芽苗等。另外还可以采用宿根方法，就是当原料甘蔗采收时，不挖蔗头，采收后再经过切头、开根、排土、施肥即可。

甘蔗的营养价值

现代医学研究表明，甘蔗中含有丰富的糖分、水分，此外，还含有对人体新陈代谢非常有益的各种维生素、脂肪、蛋白质、有机酸、钙、铁等物质。甘蔗不但能给食物增添甜味，而且还可以提供人体所需的营养和热量。含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、钙、磷、铁、天门冬素、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、正这氨酸、赖氨酸、羟丁氨酸、谷氨酰胺、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨酸、苯丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等多种氨基酸，延胡索酸、琥珀酸、甘醇酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸等有机酸及维生素B1、B2、B6、C。榨去汁的甘蔗渣中，含有对小鼠艾氏癌和肉瘤180有抑制作用的多糖类。

甘蔗的食疗作用

通常人群均可食用，脾胃虚寒、胃腹寒疼者不宜食用。甘蔗是能清、能润，甘凉滋养的食疗佳品，古往今来被人们广为称道，就连那些清高儒雅的文人墨客们对其也情有独钟。唐代诗人王维在《樱桃诗》中写道：“饮食不须愁内热，大官还有蔗浆寒。”而大医学家李时珍对甘蔗则别有一番见解，他说：“凡蔗榕浆饮固佳，又不若咀嚼之味永也”，将食用甘蔗的微妙之外表述得淋漓尽致。

专题： 甘蔗
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