树干最美的树：白桦树

植物图片 2019-03-27 16:01

林中亭亭玉立的白桦树，除去碧叶之外，通体粉白如霜，有的还透着淡淡的红晕，在微风吹拂下，枝叶轻摇，非常可爱。真仿佛是一位秀丽、端庄的白衣少女。

树干最美的树 白桦

白桦是一种落叶乔木，最高的可达二十几米，胸径1米有余。其树干之所以美丽，是由于上面缠着白垩色的树皮，如果你用小刀在树干上划一下，就能一层一层地把树皮剥下来，剥好了，可以剥得很大，仿佛是一张较硬的纸，你可以在它上面写字、画画，还可以用它编成各种玲珑的小盒子或者制成别致的工艺品，别有一番情趣。

白桦的叶子是三角状卵形的，有的近似于菱形，叶缘围着一圈重重叠叠的锯齿，其叶柄微微下垂，在细风中飒飒作响。白桦的花于春日开放，由许许多多的小花聚集在一起，构成一个柱状的柔软花序。果实10月成熟，小而坚硬。有趣的是，其果实还长着宽宽的两个翅膀，可以随风飘荡，落在适合的封土壤上就能生根发芽，繁衍后代。

白桦在植物学上属于桦木科、桦木属。白桦的兄弟姐妹共有四十多个，分布在我国的约有22个，其中有身着灰褐色衣料的黑桦，披着桔红色或肉红色外套的红桦及其木材坚硬的坚桦。

坚桦树皮暗灰色，不像白桦那样可以一层层剥皮，其木材沉重，入水即沉，素有“南紫檀，北杵榆”的声誉。杵榆就是坚桦的别名。它可作车轴、车轮及家具等用，而且树皮含单宁，可提制栲胶。坚桦分布于辽宁、河北、山东、河南、山西、陕西、甘肃等省的高山上。

白桦树

白桦尚有一位大名鼎鼎的兄弟，因其木材最硬，人唤作“铁桦树”，它只生长在东北中朝接壤的地方，它甚至比钢铁还硬，堪称“世界硬木冠军”。

白桦自身还有几个变种，如叶基部宽阔的宽叶白桦，树皮银灰色至蓝色的青海白桦，树皮白色、银灰色或淡红色的四川白桦等等。皆为园林树木中之佳品。

白桦木材黄白色，纹理致密顺直，坚硬而富有弹性，可制胶合板、矿柱及其供建筑、造纸等用。树皮除提白桦油供化妆品香料用外，还有药用价值。

白桦为温带及寒带树种，分布于东北、华北及河南、陕西、甘肃、四川、云南等地。为我国东北主要的阔叶树种之一。尤其在大小兴安岭林区，差不多要占整个林区面积的四分之一以上，它常常和落叶松、青杆、山杨混交成林，和平共处。

北京的百花山及东灵山也有美丽的天然白桦丛林，远远望去犹如一群群白衣少女在轻歌曼舞。

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