植物是怎么过冬的?植物科普

植物图片 2019-03-26 14:25

冬天来了,天气寒冷,我们人很聪明的可以创造环境让我们安全过冬,而我们熟悉的动物例如狗、猫、兔等到了秋天,身上会长出很多细细的、厚厚的绒毛,到了冬天,这层厚厚的绒毛会覆盖在身体上面,让它们度过寒冷的冬天。大家又知道植物是怎么过冬的吗?

植物是怎么过冬的-植物科普

一:丢包袱--掉叶子

植物对气温的变化是非常敏感的,所以冬天的到来,气温的降低会造成它们体内开始发生各种化学反应。我们最常见的就是植物的表现就是——掉叶子。为免受冻害,植物常常会丢掉一些自身的包袱,最典型的就是叶子。

在秋风骤起之时,随着白昼变短,植物感应到气温的下降,于是它开始将叶子中的养分往枝条上输送,这时,叶子上产生了大量脱落酸,促进叶子脱落,同时,这种脱落酸也是一种休眠素,它们接到植物发出的命令后,被输送到枝梢尖端和侧芽,于是植物的生长点便被抑制起来,呼吸减弱,停止新陈代谢,进入休眠状态。到了冬天,植物又聪明地将藏在体内的蛋白质和淀粉“搬运”出来,在酶的作用下,这些蛋白质和淀粉会水解成可溶性的氨基酸和糖类,以增加植物细胞液的浓度,使其不易结冰,因而增强了抗寒的能力。

二:调理身子--调节能耗调节水分

在植物的身体里面,其实也在发生着一系列的生理反应,它们会像动物一样把消耗能量的活动降到最低,使自身的抗寒力达到最强,以适应外界环境的急剧变化。植物的抗寒能力是非常强的,比如针叶树,它可以在冬天抵抗零下三四十摄氏度的严寒。在冬天来临的时候,植物会减少水分的吸收,从而让自身的含水量逐渐下降。所以,我们在冬天看到的植物大多都是枯萎的,这正是它们挤干了身体里的水分,进行的自我保护措施,从而使它们在冬天里免受冻害。

常绿的松柏

为何松柏等树木在冬天仍旧常绿呢?

松柏这类植物有着独特的叶子结构,它们的表皮细胞壁比较厚,下皮细胞气孔可以自动关闭,形成角质层,筑成“铜墙铁壁”,避免水分的散发,从而抵御冬寒。同时由于气温的不断降低,根系的生命活动减弱,它们体内的含水量逐渐减少,细胞液的浓度逐步提高,从而避免了细胞结冰的可能性,使得自身能够安全过冬(似乎很高级,明显就是进化了嘛)。

当然,不同的植物为了保存“火种”,也逐渐形成了各自不同的过冬方式。比如说多数一年生植物会在霜前将光合作用的产物贮存在种子内,这些种子经由风和其他物体的携带,会传播到各处进行后代的繁衍。而那些多年生植物,如牧草和杂草等,则会在冬天到来前把光合产物的营养物质贮藏到自身的根系中过冬,待到来年春暖花开之时,重新蓄积力量繁衍后代。

还有一些植物,既不将营养物质贮存在种子中,也不贮藏到根系中,而是贮藏在体内,提高细胞浓度,减少自由水来抵御冬寒,比如冬小麦、油菜等二年生植物,它们在冬前积累了大量糖分,以抵抗严寒的侵袭。不知道你是否留意过,着冻的土豆或地瓜味道往往较普通的更甜,为什么呢?这就是由于它们在冬天的时候体内蓄积了大量糖分的缘故。

看完这些是不是觉得很神奇呢。对了,这就是我们神奇的大自然,希望大家继续关注植物之家,我们将为大家持续带来关于植物的趣闻文章。

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