植物是怎么过冬的？植物科普

植物图片 2019-03-26 14:25

冬天来了，天气寒冷，我们人很聪明的可以创造环境让我们安全过冬，而我们熟悉的动物例如狗、猫、兔等到了秋天，身上会长出很多细细的、厚厚的绒毛，到了冬天，这层厚厚的绒毛会覆盖在身体上面，让它们度过寒冷的冬天。大家又知道植物是怎么过冬的吗？

植物是怎么过冬的-植物科普

一：丢包袱--掉叶子

植物对气温的变化是非常敏感的，所以冬天的到来，气温的降低会造成它们体内开始发生各种化学反应。我们最常见的就是植物的表现就是——掉叶子。为免受冻害，植物常常会丢掉一些自身的包袱，最典型的就是叶子。

在秋风骤起之时，随着白昼变短，植物感应到气温的下降，于是它开始将叶子中的养分往枝条上输送，这时，叶子上产生了大量脱落酸，促进叶子脱落，同时，这种脱落酸也是一种休眠素，它们接到植物发出的命令后，被输送到枝梢尖端和侧芽，于是植物的生长点便被抑制起来，呼吸减弱，停止新陈代谢，进入休眠状态。到了冬天，植物又聪明地将藏在体内的蛋白质和淀粉“搬运”出来，在酶的作用下，这些蛋白质和淀粉会水解成可溶性的氨基酸和糖类，以增加植物细胞液的浓度，使其不易结冰，因而增强了抗寒的能力。

二：调理身子--调节能耗调节水分

在植物的身体里面，其实也在发生着一系列的生理反应，它们会像动物一样把消耗能量的活动降到最低，使自身的抗寒力达到最强，以适应外界环境的急剧变化。植物的抗寒能力是非常强的，比如针叶树，它可以在冬天抵抗零下三四十摄氏度的严寒。在冬天来临的时候，植物会减少水分的吸收，从而让自身的含水量逐渐下降。所以，我们在冬天看到的植物大多都是枯萎的，这正是它们挤干了身体里的水分，进行的自我保护措施，从而使它们在冬天里免受冻害。

常绿的松柏

为何松柏等树木在冬天仍旧常绿呢？

松柏这类植物有着独特的叶子结构，它们的表皮细胞壁比较厚，下皮细胞气孔可以自动关闭，形成角质层，筑成“铜墙铁壁”，避免水分的散发，从而抵御冬寒。同时由于气温的不断降低，根系的生命活动减弱，它们体内的含水量逐渐减少，细胞液的浓度逐步提高，从而避免了细胞结冰的可能性，使得自身能够安全过冬（似乎很高级，明显就是进化了嘛）。

当然，不同的植物为了保存“火种”，也逐渐形成了各自不同的过冬方式。比如说多数一年生植物会在霜前将光合作用的产物贮存在种子内，这些种子经由风和其他物体的携带，会传播到各处进行后代的繁衍。而那些多年生植物，如牧草和杂草等，则会在冬天到来前把光合产物的营养物质贮藏到自身的根系中过冬，待到来年春暖花开之时，重新蓄积力量繁衍后代。

还有一些植物，既不将营养物质贮存在种子中，也不贮藏到根系中，而是贮藏在体内，提高细胞浓度，减少自由水来抵御冬寒，比如冬小麦、油菜等二年生植物，它们在冬前积累了大量糖分，以抵抗严寒的侵袭。不知道你是否留意过，着冻的土豆或地瓜味道往往较普通的更甜，为什么呢？这就是由于它们在冬天的时候体内蓄积了大量糖分的缘故。

看完这些是不是觉得很神奇呢。对了，这就是我们神奇的大自然，希望大家继续关注植物之家，我们将为大家持续带来关于植物的趣闻文章。

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