高温和低温会对花卉造成哪些伤害

植物图片 2019-12-01 17:27

鸡冠花

虽然适合的高温对花卉的生长有促进作用，但当气温超过某种花卉所能忍受的最高限度后，就会对这种花卉产生伤害，使其生长发育受阻，植株矮小，叶和茎发生局部灼伤，花量减少，花期缩短。叶子对高温反应最敏感，在强光照射下，叶温可以高出气温10℃以上，所以高温时最易受害。花卉开花结果期也易遭受高温的伤害。

高温主要是破坏了花卉光合作用和呼吸作用的平衡，使呼吸作用大于光合作用，造成植株生长衰弱，影响开花结果。高温还能促进蒸腾作用加强，破坏水分平衡，使花卉萎蔫干枯而死。

此外，高温通常是和强烈光照与干旱联系在一起的，产生复杂的生理病害。

低温对花卉的伤害大体可分为寒害、霜害及冻害3种。

寒害又叫冷害，是指在0℃以上的低温对喜温暖花卉的危害。受害的花卉主要是源产地于热带或亚热带的花卉。寒害最常见的症状是变色、坏死及表面出现斑点，木本花卉还会出现芽枯、顶枯、破皮流胶及落叶等现象。

气温或地表气温下降到0℃时，空气中的水汽凝结成白色的冰晶——霜，由于霜的出现而使花卉受害，称为霜害。花卉遭受霜害后，受害叶子成水渍状，解冰后软化萎蔫，不久即脱落。木本花卉幼芽受害后变成黑色，花器呈水渍状，花瓣变色脱落。

当气温进一步下降，造成某些花卉植株体液的气温降至冰点以下，细胞间隙结冰便引起冻害。冻害常将草本花卉冻死，使一些木本花卉树皮冻裂、枝枯或伤根。

花卉受低温的伤害，除了外界气温的因素外，还取决于花卉品种抵抗低温的能力，同一品种在不同的发育阶段，抗低温的能力也不同。休眠期抗性最强，营养生长期居中，生殖阶段抗性最弱。

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