仙人掌为什么长刺：仙人掌的叶子变成针状有助于减少蒸腾作用

植物图片 2019-09-02 09:28

很多人如果是第一次见仙人长可能会感到疑惑，为什么它只长刺不长叶子？它不用光合作用吗？等等。别急，下面小编将为你们一一解答。

仙人掌为什么长刺

仙人掌为什么长刺

想知道仙人掌为什么会只长刺不长叶子，我们得先从仙人掌的老家说起。仙人掌源产地与南美和墨西哥，它们的祖辈们面对严酷的干旱环境，与滚滚黄沙斗，与少雨缺水、冷热多变的气候斗，千千万万年过去了，它们终于在沙漠里站稳脚跟，但体态却交了样：叶子不见了，茎干成为肉质多浆多刺的了…… 这种变化对仙人掌之类植物大有好处。大家知道，植物的喝水量很大，它们喝的水大部分消耗于蒸腾作用，叶子是主要的蒸腾部位，大部分水分都要从这里跑掉。据统计，每吸收100克水，大约有99克通过蒸腾跑掉，只有1克保持在体内。在干旱的环境里，水分来之不易，哪里承受得起这样的巨额支出呢？为对付酷旱，仙人掌的叶子退化了，有的甚至变成针状或刺状，这就从根本上减少了蒸腾面，“紧缩了水分开支”。

那仙人掌节水能力到底有多大？有人把株高差不多的苹果树和仙人掌种在一起，在夏天里观察它们一天消耗的水量，结果是苹果树10～25千克，而仙人掌却只有20克，相差上千倍。这不是仙人掌吝惜，而是生存的必需。若把一株具有茂密叶子的苹果树栽在沙漠里，它肯定就活不了。

其次，仙人掌的刺也分多种，有的变成白色茸毛，密披身上，它们可以反射强烈的阳光，借以降低体表气温，也可以收到减少水分蒸腾的功效。 仙人掌一方面最大限度地减少水分蒸腾，一方面却大量贮水。如果不贮备水分，在雨水稀少的沙漠地带，就随时有干死的可能。仙人掌的茎干变成肉质多浆，根部也深入沙地里，就能够吸收贮存大量水分，由于这种肉质茎含有许多胶水物，吸水力很强，但水分想逸散却很困难。仙人掌的贮水本领是惊人的，有的仙人掌肉质茎像水缸粗，高10多米，简直像个贮水桶，过路人若口渴，用刀一砍就可以喝到沙漠里的“饮料”。 仙人掌之类植物正是以它们体态的这些变化来适应干旱气候的，这就是为什么仙人掌长刺的原因了。

仙人掌为什么长刺

仙人掌怎样养护

仙人掌虽是肉质植物，比较耐旱，即使一月不浇也不会完全死亡。但使它健康成长必须浇水。冬天：大约每隔20天左右浇一次水，浇水的时间选在气温较高的午后为宜。如居室内比较干燥，可采用叶面喷洒水，以保持茎片翠绿，待全株植株进入休眠期后，可不浇水。

春天：随着气温的升高，可适度增加浇水次数，浇水的原则是不干不浇，浇则浇透;不能过多浇水，也不可长期不浇水。当气温上升至20℃左右时，通常7-10天浇一次为宜。

夏天：气温高，蒸发量大，生长旺盛，是食用仙人掌需水量最大的季节，通常每隔3-5天就需浇水1次，当气温上升到30℃以上时，为了保持茎片膨压，增加观赏性，每天早晚最好向仙人掌茎片喷洒水1-2次。

秋天：逐渐减少。盆栽浇水还要注意水温和水质。水呈中性或微PH酸性，用自来水浇最好是放两天再使用。另外，浇水时最好和居室内气温接近，北方寒冷地域盆栽食用仙人掌更需注意。

专题： 仙人掌
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